| Places of articulation |
|---|
|
Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labial–velar |
| Labial–coronal |
| Labiodental |
| Dentolabial |
|
Bidental |
|
Coronal |
| Linguolabial |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Denti-alveolar |
| Alveolar |
| Postalveolar |
| Palato-alveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Retroflex |
|
Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial–palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Uvular–epiglottal |
|
Radical |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglotto-pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
|
Glottal |
| Tongue shape |
|
Apical |
| Laminal |
| Subapical |
|
Lateral |
| Sulcal |
|
Palatal |
| Pharyngeal |
|
See also: Manner of articulation |
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An epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant first reported in 1995, which is articulated with the epiglottis against the back wall of the pharynx.[1] This contrasts with the pharyngeal consonants, where the root of the tongue contacts the back wall of the pharynx, and prototypical epiglottal consonants, where the aryepiglottic folds contact the epiglottis.
Epiglotto-pharyngeal consonants have been reported (and videotaped) in one language, the Formosan language Amis of Taiwan,[2] which has a released stop and, apparently, a fricative as phrase-final allophones of its (ary)epiglottal consonants. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have diacritics to distinguish these sounds from the aryepiglottals; the discoverers used the ad hoc and somewhat misleading transcriptions ⟨ʕ͡ʡ⟩ and ⟨ʜ͡ħ⟩.
They are also said to occur in the Tsez language of southwestern Dagestan.
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